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Using Paste Special in Visual Studio to Generate C# Classes from JSON

Visual Studio offers a feature called “Paste Special” that allows you to easily generate C# classes from JSON objects. This is particularly useful when working with web APIs or any JSON data, as it automates the creation of data models that match the JSON structure.

  1. Copy the JSON Object:
    • Ensure you have your JSON object copied to the clipboard. For example
  1. Open Visual Studio:
    • Launch Visual Studio and open the project where you want to add the new classes.
  2. Add a New Class File:
    • In Solution Explorer, right-click on the folder where you want to add the new class.
    • Select Add > New Item….
    • Choose Class and give it a meaningful name, then click Add.
  3. Use Paste Special:
    • Open the newly created class file (e.g., MyClass.cs).
    • Delete any default code in the class file.
    • Go to Edit > Paste Special > Paste JSON as Classes.
  4. Review the Generated Code:
  5. Visual Studio will automatically generate C# classes that correspond to the JSON structure. For the example JSON, it would generate something like this:

What Does an SQA Do in Agile? Key Contributions Explained

In the dynamic world of software development, Agile methodology has become the gold standard for delivering iterative, customer-centric products. While Agile emphasizes collaboration, flexibility, and continuous delivery, one critical element often underestimated is the role of Software Quality Assurance (SQA).

Far from being a traditional gatekeeper at the end of the development cycle, SQA in Agile is a continuous, collaborative force that ensures product quality from Day 1. Here’s how SQA contributes meaningfully across the Agile lifecycle:

1. Early Involvement in the Development Cycle

In Agile, quality is everyone’s responsibility—but SQA takes the lead from the start. Testers participate in sprint planning, backlog grooming, and story estimation, ensuring that acceptance criteria are testable and clear.

Benefits:

  • Uncover ambiguities before development starts
  • Promote shared understanding between devs, testers, and product owners
  • Improve test case alignment with business value

2. Continuous Testing

Agile favors rapid iteration. That’s where continuous testing comes in. SQA builds and maintains test automation frameworks that run across CI/CD pipelines, enabling fast feedback loops.

Key practices:

  • Automated unit, integration, and regression testing
  • Frequent smoke and sanity testing after each build
  • Shift-left testing to detect defects early

3. Collaboration with Cross-Functional Teams

In Agile, SQA doesn’t work in silos. Instead, testers collaborate closely with developers, product owners, and UX designers in a shared sprint team. They raise concerns proactively, influence technical decisions, and advocate for testability.

Contributions include:

  • Defining “Done” criteria
  • Participating in daily stand-ups and retrospectives
  • Encouraging pair testing and TDD (Test-Driven Development)

4. Exploratory and Ad-hoc Testing

Beyond scripted tests, SQA performs exploratory testing to uncover edge cases and usability flaws that automated scripts might miss. Agile welcomes changing requirements, and exploratory testing is agile enough to keep up.

Impact:

  • Enhances test coverage in high-risk areas
  • Increases product usability and customer satisfaction
  • Catches “unknown unknowns” before production

5. Continuous Feedback and Improvement

Each Agile sprint ends with a retrospective. SQA contributes by analyzing defect trends, test effectiveness, and root causes. This feedback loop helps the team refine processes, tools, and test strategies over time.

Common SQA metrics in Agile retros:

  • Defect escape rate
  • Test coverage vs. risk
  • Automation ROI
  • Time-to-detect/time-to-fix bugs

6. Risk Mitigation and Prevention

SQA identifies risks early—not just technical bugs, but also requirements volatility, environmental instability, and integration complexity. They ensure mitigation strategies are in place before these risks snowball into blockers.

Tools and techniques:

  • Risk-based testing
  • Impact analysis
  • Root cause analysis using retrospectives

7. Championing Customer-Centric Quality

In Agile, success is measured by working software that delivers value. SQA bridges the gap between business and technology by:

  • Validating user stories against customer expectations
  • Ensuring user journeys are tested across platforms
  • Advocating for accessibility, localization, and performance standards

Final Thoughts

In Agile, Software Quality Assurance is not a phase—it’s a mindset.

SQA professionals play a strategic role in maintaining speed without sacrificing quality. By embedding testing within sprints, collaborating continuously, and leveraging automation and feedback, SQA helps Agile teams build better, faster, and smarter software.

In the end, it’s not just about catching bugs—it’s about delivering confidence with every sprint.

Comprehensive Guide to API Testing: Types, Tools & Techniques

In today’s interconnected software ecosystems, APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are the backbone of communication between services. Ensuring their performance, security, and functionality through API testing is critical. Whether you’re a developer, QA engineer, or tech enthusiast, understanding the spectrum of API testing techniques helps deliver robust and reliable software.

This guide explores the 15 essential types of API testing, complete with descriptions, workflows, and their unique purpose.

🖥️ 1. UI Testing

Purpose: To verify if the user interface that interacts with the API works correctly.

  • Tests the visible part of the application.
  • Ensures seamless user interaction with underlying APIs.
  • Usually paired with tools like Selenium or Cypress.

⚙️ 2. Functional Testing

Purpose: To ensure each API function performs as expected.

  • Follows functional specifications.
  • Compares input data with expected output.
  • Validates business logic accuracy.

✅ Best For: Verifying correctness of API responses.

📈 3. Load Testing

Purpose: To check API behavior under normal or peak load conditions.

  • Simulates user load with tools like JMeter.
  • Measures response time and system throughput.
  • Detects bottlenecks before production.

🔥 4. Stress Testing

Purpose: To evaluate API stability under extreme or high load conditions.

  • Pushes the system beyond its limits.
  • Identifies how gracefully the system fails or recovers.
  • Essential for scalability and crash handling.

🚬 5. Smoke Testing

Purpose: To check if the basic functionality of the API is working.

  • A “quick check” with minimal test cases.
  • Ensures no major failures before deeper testing begins.
  • Answers: “Does it break immediately?”

🔗 6. Integration Testing

Purpose: To test data flow between multiple modules or services using APIs.

  • Ensures all integrated parts of the system work together.
  • Follows a test plan and compares expected vs actual results.

✅ 7. Validation Testing

Purpose: To ensure the final product meets business and functional requirements.

  • Validates input/output according to predefined standards.
  • Evaluates if the API delivers the right value to users.

🤯 8. Fuzz Testing

Purpose: To test the API’s resilience to unexpected or invalid data.

  • Sends random, malformed, or unexpected input.
  • Detects security flaws, crashes, or unhandled exceptions.

🔐 9. Security Testing

Purpose: To identify vulnerabilities and protect data integrity.

  • Checks authorization, authentication, encryption.
  • Verifies if security test specifications are met.
  • Tools: OWASP ZAP, Postman Security, Burp Suite.

🔁 10. Regression Testing

Purpose: To confirm recent changes didn’t break existing features.

  • Compares results between new and old app versions.
  • Ensures updates or bug fixes haven’t caused regressions.

🛠️ 11. Error Detection / Runtime Testing

Purpose: To identify runtime issues, errors, or performance glitches.

  • Monitors real-time dashboards for error rates, crashes, and logs.
  • Ensures stability during execution with valid input.

🌍 12. Interoperability Testing

Purpose: To verify if APIs work well with diverse systems or environments.

  • Checks compatibility across different OS, platforms, and third-party apps.
  • Critical for cross-platform applications and third-party integrations.

🔁 13. Smoke Testing (Revisited in Context)

Although already mentioned above, this type plays a vital part in every build/deployment pipeline, especially during CI/CD where a quick validation saves time.

🔬 14. UI + API Correlation

Even though UI testing is typically separate, modern testing often involves correlating UI interactions with API responses to ensure true end-to-end validation.

🧪 15. Combining Tests for Full Coverage

API testing should not be siloed. Real success lies in orchestrating various test types together—e.g., running regression tests after load tests, or security checks during integration cycles.

🧰 Final Thoughts: Tools & Tips

Popular Tools:

  • 🧪 Postman (Manual Testing)
  • ⚡ REST Assured (Automation)
  • 📊 JMeter (Load/Stress)
  • 🔐 OWASP ZAP / Burp Suite (Security)
  • 📈 Newman (Postman CLI)

Conclusion:

API testing is more than just calling endpoints. It’s a multifaceted approach involving performance, security, reliability, and usability. Mastering these 15 types of API tests empowers you to build future-ready applications that scale confidently and perform under pressure.

Types of Software Testing – A Comprehensive Breakdown for Professionals

Software testing is the backbone of delivering reliable, secure, and user-friendly applications. It ensures that the software meets expectations, both technically and functionally. This guide explores the two primary categories of software testing—Functional and Non-Functional Testing—and outlines core types under each, complete with real-world examples and use cases.

Functional Testing

Definition: Functional testing focuses on testing the software against the business requirements. It answers the question: “Does the system do what it’s supposed to do?”

1. Unit Testing

  • Purpose: To test individual components or units of code in isolation.
  • Who Performs: Developers during development.
  • Tools: JUnit (Java), NUnit (.NET), Jest (JavaScript), xUnit, Mocha.
  • Example: A login method is tested to ensure it returns the correct token when given a valid username and password.

2. Integration Testing

  • Purpose: To test the communication between integrated modules or external systems.
  • Approaches: Top-down, bottom-up, or hybrid.
  • Example: In a flight booking system, testing the integration between the booking engine and payment gateway.

3. Smoke Testing

  • Purpose: A quick test of basic functionalities to verify if the build is stable enough for further testing.
  • Example: After a new release, QAs run smoke tests to confirm login, dashboard, and logout features are functioning.

4. Sanity Testing

  • Purpose: A focused test to verify a specific bug fix or new functionality works without doing full regression.
  • Example: After fixing an issue where items couldn’t be added to the cart, sanity testing ensures that feature is now functioning.

5. Regression Testing

  • Purpose: Ensures that new updates haven’t negatively affected existing features.
  • Why Important: Frequent changes can break stable code.
  • Tools: Selenium, TestComplete, Cypress.
  • Example: After adding a new coupon feature, verifying that the checkout still works with older promo codes.

6. End-to-End Testing

  • Purpose: Simulates real user behavior across an entire system.
  • Scope: Covers all integrations like database, APIs, third-party services.
  • Example: Testing a pet insurance site: login → policy selection → payment → email confirmation.

7. Acceptance Testing (UAT)

  • Purpose: Final validation by business users or clients to ensure the software meets their needs.
  • Who Performs: End-users or business stakeholders.
  • Example: A customer verifies a new dashboard layout meets their expectations before go-live.

8. Interface Testing

  • Purpose: Ensures modules or external APIs integrate properly.
  • Example: Testing whether the CRM system correctly receives data from a web form.

9. White Box Testing

  • Approach: Tests internal logic, structure, and code paths.
  • Performed By: Developers or technically advanced testers.

10. Black Box Testing

  • Approach: Tests functionality without knowing internal code structure.
  • Performed By: QA engineers simulating real user behavior.

Non-Functional Testing

Definition: Non-functional testing focuses on how the system performs under various conditions rather than what it does.

1. Performance Testing

  • Purpose: Measures system responsiveness, speed, and stability under load.
  • Types:
    • Load Testing: Tests expected user volume.
    • Stress Testing: Tests beyond capacity to find breaking points.
    • Endurance Testing: Tests over long periods to detect memory leaks or resource exhaustion.
  • Tools: JMeter, LoadRunner, Gatling, Locust.
  • Example: An e-commerce app tested under Black Friday traffic.

2. Security Testing

  • Purpose: Detects vulnerabilities to protect from unauthorized access, data breaches, and hacking.
  • Focus Areas:
    • Authentication & authorization
    • Data encryption
    • SQL injection & cross-site scripting (XSS)
  • Tools: Burp Suite, OWASP ZAP, Nessus.
  • Example: A banking app is tested for password strength and two-factor authentication.

3. Usability Testing

  • Purpose: Ensures the software is user-friendly and intuitive.
  • Example: A stock trading app is tested to confirm users can navigate one-handed and access key functions easily.

4. Installation Testing

  • Purpose: Verifies smooth installation, upgrade, and uninstallation across platforms.
  • Example: Installing a desktop app on Windows, Mac, and Linux and validating proper setup.

5. Reliability Testing

  • Purpose: Assesses how consistently the software performs under normal use.
  • Example: Running a server monitoring tool continuously for a week to track uptime and response time.

Specialized Testing Techniques

1. Alpha Testing

  • When: Late development, before public release.
  • Who Performs: Internal QA and developers.
  • Goal: Catch bugs before handing to users.

2. Beta Testing

  • When: After alpha, in real-world user environments.
  • Who Performs: External users.
  • Goal: Get feedback on usability, compatibility, and reliability.

3. A/B Testing

  • Purpose: Compare two versions of a UI or feature to determine which performs better.
  • Common In: Marketing, UI/UX optimization.
  • Example: Two versions of a signup form tested to see which gets more completions.

4. Ad Hoc / Monkey Testing

  • Purpose: Informal testing without test cases, often exploratory.
  • When Useful: Late-stage testing or in agile environments for fast feedback.
  • Example: A tester randomly clicks buttons or inputs data to catch unexpected crashes.

Summary Table

Testing TypeCategoryPerformed ByExample Use
Unit TestingFunctionalDevelopersLogin method returns correct token
Regression TestingFunctionalQAOld checkout flow after adding discounts
Load TestingNon-FunctionalQAApp supports 1000 concurrent users
Security TestingNon-FunctionalSecurity TeamPrevent SQL injection
UATFunctionalEnd-UsersFinal confirmation of a sales dashboard
A/B TestingSpecializedMarketing/ProductChoose best email subject line

Final Takeaway

Mastering the different types of software testing is essential for delivering bug-free, scalable, and user-friendly software. A balanced mix of functional, non-functional, and exploratory testing ensures high-quality releases and happy users.

How to input value into an international number text box in selenium

Below is the text box and the corresponding HTML:

If I used sendkeys, sometimes it may not working

driver.findElement(By.name(“mainphone”)).sendKeys(“(02)2222-2222”);
driver.findElement(By.id(“mobilephone”)).sendKeys(“05-5555-5555”);

If sendkeys() methods are not working then use following two ways to input text:

Before sendkeys() use click() method to click inside textfield i.e:

driver.findElement(By.name("mainphone")).click();
driver.findElement(By.name("mainphone")).sendKeys("(02)2222-2222");   
driver.findElement(By.id("mobilephone")).click();
driver.findElement(By.id("mobilephone")).sendKeys("05-5555-5555");

Open chrome mobile emulator with selenium c#

Hi guys, I am going to run a test mobile emulator with selenium and VS C#

Import

using System;
using System.Threading;
using NUnit.Framework;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

Driver Utils Class

First of all delclaring the webdriver, which will be used for open specfic browser

namespace SeleniumAutomation
{
[TestClass]
public class Setup
  {
       IWebDriver webDriver;
  }
}

Open Chrome

[Test]
public void Open_Browser()
{
 webDriver = new ChromeDriver();

}

Open Chrome Mobile Emulator

 [Test]
 public void Mobile_Emulator_Browser()
 {
 ChromeOptions chromeCapabilities = new ChromeOptions();
 chromeCapabilities.EnableMobileEmulation("Pixel 5");
 webDriver = new ChromeDriver(chromeCapabilities);

 }

I think it will be helpful to run chrome in mobile emulator

Technical & Soft Skills Every QA Tester Should Master

🧠 Top Skills That Are Important for a Test Professional in 2025

Software testing has transformed rapidly with the rise of automation, agile, AI, and complex digital ecosystems. A test professional today is no longer limited to clicking through test cases—they are expected to be problem solvers, communicators, coders, and sometimes even data analysts.

The infographic below shows a breakdown of the most critical testing skills, based on industry-wide feedback.

📌 Why These Skills Matter

With constant software releases, test professionals need to ensure quality without slowing down development. That means:

  • Faster feedback loops
  • Deeper collaboration with developers
  • Testing beyond just functionality (security, usability, performance)
  • Understanding user behavior and business context

These skills help testers not just find bugs—but prevent them.

📊 Top Skills Breakdown

Here’s a detailed look at what each skill means and why it matters:

1. 🗣️ Communication Skills (75% Very Important)

📍 Why it’s critical:
Testers must clearly document bugs, write test cases, and explain defects to developers and stakeholders. Good communication prevents misunderstandings and keeps the team aligned.

2. ⚙️ Automation & Scripting (65%)

📍 Why it’s critical:
Manual testing can’t scale. Knowledge of automation frameworks like Selenium, Cypress, or Playwright is essential. Scripting in languages like Python, Java, or JavaScript can save hours of repetitive work.

3. 📚 General Testing Methodologies (62%)

📍 Why it’s critical:
Understanding black-box, white-box, regression, smoke, and exploratory testing helps testers select the right test at the right time.

4. 🌐 Web Technologies (60%)

📍 Why it’s critical:
Modern testers must understand HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to validate front-end issues or debug problems in browser-based apps.

5. 🔌 API Testing (55%)

📍 Why it’s critical:
More apps rely on microservices and APIs. Testers need tools like Postman, REST Assured, or Karate to test APIs for performance, reliability, and correctness.

6. 🛡️ Security Testing (48%)

📍 Why it’s critical:
Testers play a role in identifying vulnerabilities—such as XSS, injection attacks, or broken authentication—before attackers do.

7. 🔁 Agile Methodologies (45%)

📍 Why it’s critical:
Testers in Agile teams need to test early and often, work in sprints, and use practices like TDD (Test-Driven Development) and CI/CD pipelines.

8. 📈 Performance & Load Testing (42%)

📍 Why it’s critical:
Users expect fast apps. Testers use tools like JMeter, Gatling, or k6 to simulate thousands of users and ensure the app can handle peak loads.

9. 📱 Mobile Technologies (39%)

📍 Why it’s critical:
Testing on Android and iOS requires mobile-specific knowledge (e.g., gestures, screen sizes, emulators, Appium automation).

10. 🧠 Customer-Facing & Business Skills

📍 Why it’s critical:
Testers with empathy and business understanding catch real-world bugs—issues a user would actually care about.

🧩 Other Valuable (Emerging) Skills:

SkillUse Case
Data AnalysisUnderstanding logs, charts, trends for performance and issue tracking
Cloud TestingTesting apps deployed in AWS, Azure, GCP
Microservices TestingEnsuring independent services communicate reliably
Big Data TestingValidating high-volume, high-velocity data pipelines
IoT TestingTesting smart devices and networks
AI/ML TestingVerifying predictions, fairness, and performance of AI models
Operations ManagementCoordinating test environments, deployments, and reporting

Final Tips for Testers to Stay Relevant:

  1. 🧑‍💻 Practice automation daily – even if just small scripts
  2. 📚 Read about new tools and trends in QA weekly
  3. 🧪 Participate in real-world testing challenges (e.g., Bug Bashes, uTest)
  4. 🤝 Collaborate with developers and product owners
  5. 📊 Learn to report insights, not just bugs

Types of Software Testing Every QA Engineer Should Know

Software Testing is the process of evaluating a software application to ensure it works as expected, is secure, and performs well. It is broadly categorized into Static Testing and Dynamic Testing.

🔍 1. Static Testing

  • What it is:
    Testing the software without executing code. It’s done during the early stages of development.
  • Key methods:
    • Review
    • Walkthrough
    • Inspection

This helps find early-stage errors in requirements or design.

⚙️ 2. Dynamic Testing

  • What it is:
    Involves running the actual software and validating its behavior.
  • Two major branches: Functional & Non-Functional Testing

🔧 Functional Testing

Focuses on what the software does (its features and functions). It includes:

✅ White Box Testing

Tests internal code and logic. Done by developers.

  • Unit Testing – Tests individual functions/methods
  • Code/Statement/Path Testing – Analyzes code coverage
  • Branch Coverage – Ensures each decision point (like if-else) is tested

✅ Black Box Testing

Focuses on inputs and outputs without knowing the internal code.

  • Integration Testing – Checks interactions between modules
  • Smoke/Sanity Testing – Basic checks after builds
  • Functionality Testing – Verifies features as per requirements
  • Regression Testing – Ensures old features work after changes
  • System Testing – Full end-to-end testing of the entire app
  • User Acceptance Testing (UAT) – Final testing by users before release

🧱 Non-Functional Testing

Tests how the software performs rather than what it does. Examples:

  • Load and Stress Testing – Tests system behavior under high load
  • Compatibility Testing – Ensures software works on different devices and platforms
  • Security Testing – Checks for vulnerabilities and data protection
  • Recovery Testing – Verifies how the app recovers from crashes
  • Usability Testing – Ensures app is user-friendly
  • Cookies Testing – Validates cookie creation, expiry, and behavior

✅ Final Thoughts

Using the right types of software testing helps teams build secure, fast, and high-quality software. Static and dynamic testing together cover both the visible functions and hidden logic of the system.

IoT Testing Explained: A Complete Guide for QA Engineers

IoT Testing (Internet of Things Testing) is the process of testing the functionality, security, performance, and compatibility of IoT devices and systems. As more smart devices get connected—like smartwatches, home sensors, connected cars, and industrial machines—IoT Testing ensures everything works smoothly and safely.

When IoT devices fail, it can lead to real-world problems like security breaches, system crashes, or poor customer experiences. That’s why proper testing is critical before launching any IoT product.

🔍 Why is IoT Testing Important?

Imagine a smart home system where the thermostat, security cameras, and lights are all connected. If even one device malfunctions, the whole system could fail. IoT Testing helps developers find and fix issues before they reach real users.

🧰 Types of IoT Testing (Explained Simply)

Here are the main types of IoT Testing you should know:

1. ✅ Usability Testing

What it does:
Checks if the IoT device is easy to use.
Example: Is the mobile app for a smart bulb simple to navigate?

2. 🧩 Compatibility Testing

What it does:
Makes sure the device works across different networks, platforms, and versions.
Example: Can a smart fridge connect with both Android and iOS apps?

3. ⚙️ Reliability & Scalability Testing

What it does:
Tests how stable the system is when more devices or users are added.
Example: Will a smart sensor network still work if 100 more sensors are added?

4. 🔐 Security Testing

What it does:
Validates if the system is safe from hackers and protects user data.
Example: Can unauthorized users access your smart door lock?

5. 📈 Performance Testing

What it does:
Checks how fast and responsive the devices are.
Example: Does the smart thermostat respond quickly when you change the temperature?

6. 📊 Data Integrity Testing

What it does:
Makes sure the data sent between devices is correct and uncorrupted.
Example: If a heart monitor sends data to a doctor’s dashboard, is that data accurate?

🚀 Final Thoughts

IoT Testing ensures that smart devices are reliable, secure, and user-friendly before reaching the market. It helps avoid costly failures and builds trust with users. Whether you’re testing a smart appliance, industrial sensor, or wearable device—these testing types are essential for success in the IoT world.